Each channel has its own handshake, allowing address, data and responses to overlap subject to ordering and available resources. Reads can be outstanding while writes are in flight. Useful throughput improves only when the surrounding buffers, tracking and target service can use that concurrency; separate channels alone do not guarantee progress.

Common trap: Describing one shared handshake, or promising throughput and progress solely from channel independence.

AWLEN+1 must equal accepted W beat count, WLAST marks the final accepted beat, and WSTRB must obey address/size byte-lane rules. AXI4 W has no ID: bursts associate in AW order, without interleaving, even if W is offered or accepted before AW. B follows the AW and final-W handshakes with BID=AWID. Preserve each stalled channel offer through its accepting edge.

Common trap: Checking only the first W beat.