Coherent transactions, snoop channels, shareability domains, cache maintenance, CHI topology, and fabric-level ordering.
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Coherence extends memory transactions with snoop and state — traffic multiplies when software shares cache lines.
Illustrative review: per-agent counters shared one coherence granule and ownership traffic rose under concurrent writes. Separating the hot fields reduced traffic in the measured replay; padding, partitioning and batching still need a footprint/performance trade-off.