A transfer-capacity ceiling and measured useful throughput answer different questions. Keep workload service and latency tails visible alongside the headline rate.
Separate transfer capacity, transmitted-payload efficiency and useful accepted bytes without counting overlapping losses twice.
Find the latency knee — operate below it, not at 100% offered load.
Head-of-line blocking, arbitration, and QoS determine real SoC performance.
Always attach bandwidth numbers to a specific traffic replay and corner.
Bandwidth math applies to AXI, DDR, PCIe, NoC — every interface in the SoC.
The ingress occupancy and oldest-item-age branch; a finite buffer can overflow before later service catches up.